Emerging technologies including autonomous systems, edge processing, enhanced communications, and data exploitation are being embraced by Western navies. The future hybrid force promises integrated sensor networks, information superiority, assured C2, and distributed strike capability. In this context, the traditional ‘lone-wolf’ submarine concept of operations should be challenged. A platform that does not connect into the combat network neither benefits from distributed sensor networks, nor contributes to co-ordinated force actions. There have been notable comments from Naval leaders indicating that submarines will increasingly be operated as connected nodes. This presents opportunities, but also fundamental challenges, as communication has historically been in irreconcilable tension with stealth.

The proposed paper will start with a brief recount of the traditional employment of submarines as strategic ‘lone-wolf’ assets. It will describe the key technological developments and associated evolution in maritime operating doctrines, including the USN’s Project Overmatch and the RN’s Hybrid Navy operating concepts. It will then seek to address the challenge posed by VADM Topshee, Chief of Royal Canadian Navy, in the title of this abstract. The question will be tackled using the following methodology. First, a qualitative listing of submarine-relevant existing and emergent communications technologies will be generated using publicly available information. Technologies will be considered based on their contribution to submarine connectedness, the cost they impose to stealth, and the expected timing for their availability. Second, the communications requirements for varying degrees of integration of submarines into the hybrid distributed force will be developed, and mapped against the existing and emergent communications technologies. Third, a set of high level communications capability requirements for the distributed force connected submarine will be proposed. And finally, communications architectures that support these capability requirements will be described.

Drawing upon publicly available information and the expert knowledge of Rohde & Schwarz personnel, the paper will provide a structured response to VADM Tophsee’s challenge around distributed force connected submarines.